REFERENCE CITATIONS (IN-TEXT)

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Use the author-date format to cite references in text. For example: as
Smith (1990) points out, a recent study (Smith, 1990) shows. . . .  Every source
cited in your text--and only those sources cited in your text--are referenced in
the reference list.

• For two-author citations, spell out both authors on all occurrences.
  
• For multiple-author citations (up to five authors) name all authors the
  first time, then use et al., so the first time it is Smith, Jones, Pearson and
  Sherwin (1990), but the second time it is Smith et al., with a period after "al"
  but no underlining.
  
• The first time an "et al." reference is used in a paragraph, give the year,
  thereafter (if the citation is repeated in the paragraph) omit the year.
  
• For six or more authors, use et al. the first time and give the full
  citation in references.
  
• Include a page reference after the year, outside quotes. For example: The
  author stated, "The effect disappeared within minutes" (Lopez, 1993, p. 311),
  but she did not say which effect; Lopez found that "the effect disappeared
  within minutes" (p. 311). The sentence quoted is capitalized only if it follows
  a comma, and is a complete sentence not merged into the flow of the text.
  
• If two or more multiple-author references which shorten to the same "et al."
  form, making it ambiguous, give as many author names as necessary to make them
  distinct, before et al. For example: (Smith, Jones, et al., 1991) to distinguish
  it from (Smith, Burke, et al., 1991).
  
• Join names in a multiple-author citation with and (in text) or an
  ampersand (&) in reference lists and parenthetical comments. For example: As
  Smith and Sarason (1990) point out, the same argument was made by in an earlier
  study (Smith & Sarason, 1990).
  
• If a group is readily identified by its initials, spell it out only the
  first time. For example, "As reported in a government study (National Institute
  of Mental Health [NIMH], 1991), blah blah . . . " and thereafter, "The
  previously cited study (NIMH, 1991) found that . . .
  
• If the author is unknown or unspecified, use the first few words of the
  reference list entry (usually the title), for example: ("Study Finds," 1992).
  
• If citing multiple works by the same author at the same time, arrange dates
  in order. In general, use letters after years to distinguish multiple
  publications by the same author in the same year. For example: Several studies
  (Johnson, 1988, 1990a, 1990b, 1995 in press-a, 1995 in press-b) showed the same
  thing.
  
• For old works cite the translation or the original and modern copyright
  dates if both are known, for example: (Aristotle, trans. 1931) or (James,
  1890/1983).
  
• Always give page numbers for quotations, for example: (Cheek & Buss,
  1981, p. 332) or (Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3, p. 5).
  
• For e-mail and other "unrecoverable data" use personal communication, for
  example: (V.-G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 1993). These do
  not appear in the reference list.
  
• For quoting electronic documents without page numbers, cite paragraph
  numbers if given, indicated by the paragraph symbol or the abbreviation para. in
  the citation (e.g., Smith, 2000, ¶ 17). If there are no paragraph numbers, cite
  the nearest preceding section heading and count paragraphs from there (e.g.,
  Smith, 2000, Method section, para. 4).

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